View source for Phala

{{Speciesbox
| name                  = Phala
| status                = LC
| status_system         = IUCN3.1
| status_ref            = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group |date=2016 |title=''Aepyceros melampus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T550A50180828 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T550A50180828.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| image                 = Trotting impala ram, crop.jpg
| image_caption         = A [[Territory (animal)|territorial]] impala ram in northern [[Botswana]]
| image2                = Impalas (Aepyceros melampus) female and young (11421993164).jpg
| image2_caption        = A ewe with calf at the [[Kruger National Park]], South Africa
| grandparent_authority = 
| parent_authority      = 
| taxon                 = Aepyceros melampus
| authority             = ([[Martin Hinrich Carl Lichtenstein|Lichtenstein]], 1812)
| display_parents       = 2
| subdivision_ranks     = Subspecies
| subdivision           = 
* ''A. m. melampus'' <small>Lichtenstein, 1812</small>
* ''A. m. petersi'' <small>[[José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage|Bocage]], 1879</small>
| synonyms_ref          = <ref name=MSW3 />
| synonyms              = {{collapsible list|List=
|''A. holubi'' <small>Lorenz, 1894</small>
|''A. johnstoni'' <small>[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1893</small>
|''A. katangae'' <small>[[Einar Lönnberg|Lönnberg]], 1914</small>
|''A. pallah'' <small>([[Paul Gervais|Gervais]], 1841)</small>
|''A. rendilis'' <small>Lönnberg, 1912</small>
|''A. typicus'' <small>Thomas, 1893</small>
}}
| range_map             = Aepyceros melampus.svg
| range_map_caption     = Distribution:
<div style="text-align:left; ">{{Legend2|green|Black-faced impala|border=1px solid #aaa}}<br /> {{Legend2|blue|Common impala|border=1px solid #aaa}} </div>
}}


[[Seswantšho:Impala in Serengeti, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|right|Phala, Serengeti]]
[[Seswantšho:Impala.JPG|thumb|right|Diphala]]
'''Phala''' ke phoofolo yeo e humanegago [[Afrika Borwa]].

== Dijo tša ka mehla ==
'''Phala'''('''''Aepyceros melampus''''') ke phuti ya bogolo bja magareng yeo e hwetšwago go [[Afrika Bohlabela|bohlabela]]. le [[borwa bja Afrika]]. Setho se nnoši se se sa lego gona sa [[genus]] ''Aepyceros'' le morafe wa Aepycerotini, e bile la mathomo [[tlhaloso ya mahlale|e hlalošitšwe]] go batheeletši ba Yuropa ke setsebi sa diphoofolo sa Jeremane [[Hinrich Lichtenstein]] ka 1812. [[mehuta e menyenyane ya diphedi) tše pedi ]] di a lemogwa—phala e tlwaelegilego, le phala e kgolo le e fifetšego ya sefahlego se se ntsho. phala e fihla legetleng. E na le boso bjo bo phadimago, bjo bohwibidu [[jase (phoofolo)|jase]]. [[Lenaka (anatomy)|manaka]] a e tona a tshesane, a sebopego sa [[lyre]] ke botelele bja {{cvt|45|–|92|cm}}.

E šoma kudu [[:en:Diurnality|mosegare]], phala e ka ba [[:en:Gregarious|le lešata]] goba [[Territory (animal)|territorial]] go ya ka tlelaemete le thutafase. Dihlopha tše tharo tša leago tše di fapanego di ka hlokomelwa: tše tona tša selete, mehlape ya bachelor le mehlape ya basadi. phala e tsebja ka go tlola ga dimelo tše pedi tšeo di bopago leano la go lwantšha [[go ja|go ja]]. [[Go phetla (herbivory)|Diphensele]] gammogo le difudi, phala di ja [[monocot]]s, [[dicot]]s, [[forb]]s, [[fruit]]s le [[Acacieae| acacia]] diphotlwa (ne le neng le neng ha di fumaneha). [[Rut (mammalian reproduction)|rut]] ya ngwaga le ngwaga, ya dibeke tše tharo ya botelele e direga go ya mafelelong a sehla sa go kolobiša, ka tlwaelo ka Motsheganong. Ditona tše di rutting di lwa ka [[Dominance (ethology)|dominance]], gomme banna bao ba fentšego ba kgoro ya basadi ka [[oestrus]]. [[Go ima]] go tšea dikgwedi tše tshela go ya go tše šupago, gomme ka morago ga moo namane e tee e a belegwa gomme gatee-tee ya utollwa ka khupetšo. Dinamane di [[mamuša|a amušwa]] dikgwedi tše nne go ya go tše tshela; tše tona tše dinyenyane—tšeo di gapeletšwago go tšwa dihlopheng tša basadi ka moka—di tsenela mehlape ya bachelor, mola tše tshadi di ka dula morago.

phala e hwetšwa ka mafelong a dithokgwa gomme ka dinako tše dingwe e le mo segokanyimmediamentsi sa sebolokigolo ([[ecotone]]) magareng ga mafelo a dithokgwa le [[savanna]]hs; e dula mafelong a kgauswi le meetse. Le ge phala ya sefahlego se se ntsho e lekanyeditšwe ka borwa-bodikela [[Diphoofolo tša Lešoka tša Angola|Angola]] le [[Kaokoland]] ka leboa-bodikela [[Diphoofolo tša Lešoka tša Namibia|Namibia]], phala ye e tlwaelegilego e atile go ralala le lefelo la yona gomme e tsentšwe gape ka [[Diphoofolo tša Lešoka tša Gabon|Gabon]] le borwa bja Afrika. [[Mokgatlo wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Pabalelo ya Tlhago]] (IUCN) o hlopha phala bjalo ka [[go tshwenyega kudu|mehuta ya diphedi yeo e sa tshwenyegego kudu]]; mehuta ya diphedi ya sefahlego se se ntsho e arotšwe bjalo ka [[mehuta ya diphedi yeo e lego kotsing]], ka batho ba ka fase ga 1 000 bao ba šetšego nageng go fihla ka 2008.

==Etymology==
Leina la kakaretšo la thutomahlale ''Aepyceros'' ({{abbr|lit.|ka go lebanya}} 'dinaka tše di phagamego') le tšwa go Segerika sa Bogologolo , e phagamego').

==Taxonomy le tlhagelelo==
{{seealso|Lenaneo la di-bovid}}
phala ke [[mohuta wa monotypic|leloko le tee]] wa mohuta wa ''Aepyceros'' gomme ke wa [[lapa (biology)|lapa]] [[Bovidae]]. E bile la mathomo [[tlhaloso ya mahlale|e hlalošitšwe]] ke setsebi sa diphoofolo sa Jeremane [[Martin Hinrich Carl Lichtenstein]] ka 1812.<ref name =MSW3>{{MSW3 Artiodactyla | id = 14200488 e le | pages = 673}}</ref> Ka 1984, setsebi sa dilo tša kgale [[Elisabeth Vrba]] se ile sa nea kgopolo ya gore phala ke [[taxon ya kgaetšedi]] go [[Alcelaphinae|alcelaphines]], ge go lebelelwa go swana ga yona le [[hartebeest]. ].<ref name="vrba">{{tsopola puku |mafelelo1 = Vrba |pele1 = E.S. |morulaganyi1-mafelelo = Eldredge |morulaganyi1-pele = N. |morulaganyi2-mafelelo = Stanley |morulaganyi2-pele = S.M. |title = Difosele tše di Phelago |letšatšikgwedi = 1984 |mogatiši = Springer |location = New York, USA |isbn = 978-1-4613-8271-3 |kgaolo = Mokgwa wa tlhagelelo le tshepedišo ka sehlopheng sa kgaetšedi sa Alcelaphini-Aepycerotini (Mammalia: Bovidae) |oclc = 10403493}}</ref> Thuto ya 1999 [[phylogenetic]] ka Alexandre Hassanin (ya [[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|Senthara ya Bosetšhaba ya Dinyakišišo tša Mahlale, Paris]]) le bašomi mmogo, yeo e theilwego go [[mtDNA|mitochondrial]] le [[nuclear DNA|nuclear]] ditshekatsheko, di bontšhitše gore phala e bopa [[clade]] le [[suni]] (''Neotragus moschatus''). Clade ye ke kgaetšedi go ye nngwe yeo e bopilwego ke [[bay duiker]] (''Cephalophus dorsalis'') le [[klipspringer]] (''Oreotragus oreotragus'').<ref name="Hassanin">{{cite jenale |ya mafelelo1 = Hassanin |ya pele1 = A. |mafelelo2 = Douzery |ya pele2 = E.J.P. |title = Kamano ya tlhagelelo ya saola ya sephiri (''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'') ka gare ga seemo sa phylogeny ya dimolekule ya Bovidae |journal = [[Ditshepetšo tša Mokgatlo wa Kgoši B: Mahlale a Thutaphedi]] |letšatšikgwedi = 1999 |bolumo = 266 |taba = 1422 |matlakala = 893–900 |doi = 10.1098/rspb.1999.0720 |pmid = 10380679 |pmc = 1689916 }} {{phihlello e bulehileng}}</ref> E [[rRNA]] le [[spectrin|β -spectrin]] tshekatsheko ya tatelano ya nyutlelie ka 2003 e ile ya thekga gape tswalano magareng ga ''Aepyceros'' le ''[[Neotragus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Kuznetsova |first1 = M.V. |mafelelo2 = Kholodova |ya pele2 = M.V. |title = Poeletšo ya dikamano tša phylogenetic ka lapeng le lenyenyane la Antilopinae motheong wa tatelano ya dikarolwana tša leabela tša nyutlelie tša mitochondrial rRNA le β-spectrin |journal = Doklady Biological Sciences |ngwaga = 2003 |bolumo = 391 |taba = 1–6 |matlakala = 333– 6 |doi = 10.1023/A:1025102617714 |pmid = 14556525 |s2cid = 30920084 |issn = 1608-3105 }}</ref> Kladogram ye e latelago e theilwe godimo ga nyakišišo ya 1999:<ref leina="Hassanin" />

{{clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;
|1={{clade
  |1={{clade
  |1={{clade
  |1={{clade
  |1=[[Nku]] (''Ovis aries'')
  |2={{clade
  |1=[[Bontebok]] (''Damaliscus pygargus'')
  |2=[[Sable antelope]] (''Hippotragus niger'')
                 }}
             }}
  |2={{clade
  |1={{clade
  |1={{clade
  |1=[[Klipspringer]] (''Oreotragus oreotragus'')
  |2=[[Bay duiker]] (''Cephalophus dorsalis'')
                    }}
  |2={{clade
  |1='''Phala''' ('''''Aepyceros melampus''''')
  |2=[[Suni]] (''Neotragus moschatus'')
                    }}
                }}
             }}
          }}
  |2={{clade
  |1=[[Phuti ya Grant]] (''Nanger granti'')
  |2=[[Sekgomaretši sa lehlaka la thaba]] (''Redunca fulvorufula'')
          }}
        }}
      }}
   }}

Go fihla go tše tshela [[subspecies]] di hlalošitšwe, le ge e le gore ke tše pedi fela tšeo di lemogwago ka kakaretšo motheong wa datha ya mitochondrial.<ref name="Nersting">{{cite journal |first1 = L.G. |last1 = Nersting |first2 = P. |last2 = Arctander |title = Phylogeography le pabalelo ya phala le kudu kudu |journal = Molecular Ecology |bolumo = 10 |tokollo = 3 |matlakala = 711–9 |ngwaga = 2001 |doi = 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01205.x |pmid = 11298982 |s2cid = 23102044 }}</ref> Le ge e le gore e swana ka sebopego,<ref name=kingdon /> mehuta ye nnyane e bontšha [[sekgala sa leabela]] se bohlokwa magareng ga tšona, gomme ga go na [[ditswaki (biology)|ditswaki]] magareng ga tšona tšeo di begilwego.<ref name=kingdon /><ref name="Lorenzen">{{tsopola journal |last1 = Lorenzen |first1 = E.D. |last2 = Arctander |first2 = P. |last3 = Siegismund |first3 = H.R. |title = Sebopego sa leabela sa selete le histori ya tlhagelelo ya phala (''Aepyceros melampus'') |journal = [[Journal of Heredity]] |date = 2006 |bolumo = 97 |tokollo = 2 |matlakala = 119–32 |doi = 10.1093/jhered/esj012 |pmid = 16407525 |doi-phihlello = mahala }} {{phihlello e bulehileng}}</ref>
* ''A. m. melampus'' <small>Lichtenstein, 1812</small>: E tsebja bjalo ka phala ye e tlwaelegilego, e direga go putla bohlabela le borwa bja Afrika. Lefelo le le atologela go tloga bogareng bja [[Diphoofolo tša Lešoka tša Kenya|Kenya]] go ya go [[Diphoofolo tša Lešoka tša Afrika Borwa|Afrika Borwa]] le go ya bodikela go ya ka borwa-bohlabela [[Diphoofolo tša Lešoka tša Angola|Angola]].
* ''A. m. petersi'' <small>[[José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage|Bocage]], 1879</small>: E tsebja e le phala ya sefahlego se se ntsho, e lekanyeditšwe ka borwa-bodikela bja Afrika, e direga ka leboa-bodikela [[Diphoofolo tša Lešoka tša Namibia|Namibia] ] le borwa-bodikela bja Angola.
[[Setensele:Diphoofolo]]

Go ya ka Vrba, phala e tšweletše go tšwa go rakgolokhukhu wa alcelaphine. O lemogile gore le ge rakgolokhukhu yo a na le [[Genetic divergence|divergence]] bonnyane makga a 18 ka dibopego tše di fapanego tše di fapanego ka sebopego, phalaa e tšwetše pele ka sebopego sa yona sa motheo bonyane mengwaga ye dimilione tše hlano.<ref name=vrba /><ref> {{tsopola puku|mafelelo1=Arctander|pele1=P.|mafelelo2=Kat|pele2=P.W.|mafelelo3=Simonsen|pele3=B.T.|mafelelo4=Siegismund|pele4=H.R.|morulaganyi1-mafelelo=Smith|morulaganyi1-pele=T.B.| editor2-last=Wayne|editor2-first=R.K.|title=Mekgwa ya Leabela ya Dimolekule ka Pabalelo|letšatšikgwedi=1996|mogatiši=Kgatišo ya Yunibesithi ya Oxford|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-19-534466-0|matlakala= 399–412|kgaolo=Diphatsa tša leabela tša palo ya diphala tša Kenya – ditlamorago tša pabalelo|chapter-url={{Google Books|id=QI8sdCHszY0C|letlakala=399|plainurl=ee}} |oclc = 666957480}}</ref> Tše mmalwa [ [fossil]] mehuta e utolotšwe, go akaretša ''[[Aepyceros datoadeni|A. datoadeni]]'' go tšwa go [[Pliocene]] ya [[Ethiopia]].<ref name="Geraads2012">{{tsopola jenale |mafelelo1 = Geraads |pele1 = D. |mafelelo2 = Bobe |pele2 = R. | last3 = Reed |first3 = K. |title = Pliocene Bovidae (Mammalia) go tšwa go Sebopego sa Hadar sa Hadar le Ledi-Geraru, Awash ya Tlase, Ethiopia |journal = [[Journal ya Paleontology ya Diphedi tša Marapo a Marapo a Lerapo]] |letšatšikgwedi = 2012 |bolumo = 32 |issue = 1 |pages = 180–97 |doi = 10.1080/02724634.2012.632046 |s2cid = 86230742 }}</ref> Fossil ya kgale ye e utolotšwego e šišinya gore bagologolo ba yona ba bogologolo e be e le ye nnyane go feta sebopego sa sebjalebjale, eupša ka tsela ye nngwe e swana kudu ka moka dikarolo go ya mafelelo. Se se bolela gore phala e tlwaela tikologo ya yona ka mo go atlegilego go tloga mehleng ya pele ga histori. Tlhago ya yona ya gregarious, go fapafapana ga dijo, tshekamelo ye botse ya palo ya badudi, tšhireletšo kgahlanong le [[tick]]s le tswalano ya [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] le [[oxpecker]]s tšeo di fepago dikgofa di ka be di kgathile tema go thibela diphetogo tše kgolo ka sebopego le boitshwaro.<ref name=vrba />

==Tlhaloso==
[[File:ImpalaSerengetiNationalParkMar2011.jpg|thumbnail|upright|alt=Tona ya go itokiša Phaka ya Setšhaba ya Serengeti|Pono ya kgauswi ya e tona, ka dinaka tša sebopego sa lyre tša semelo, mosela wo mošweu le maswao a mmalwa a mantsho]]

Phala ke [[phuti]] ya bogolo bja magareng, ye tshesane ye e swanago le [[kob]] goba [[Grant's gazelle]] ka go aga.<ref name="estes">{{cite book |last = Estes |first = R.D. |author-link = Richard Despard Estes |title = Tlhahlo ya Boitshwaro ya Diamusi tša Afrika: Go Akaretša Diamuši tša Ditlhako, Dijang tša Nama, Di-Primate |ngwaga = 2004 |mogatiši = Yunibesithi ya California Press |location = Berkeley, US |isbn = 978-0 -520-08085-0 |matlakala = 158–66 |kgatišo = 4th |url = {{Dipuku tša Google|letlakala=158|id=g977LsZHpcsC|plainurl=ee}} |oclc = 19554262}}</ref> Hlogo- le-mmele bolelele bo pota.<ref name="Liebenberg">{{tsopola buka|mafelelo1 = Liebenberg |first1 = L. |title = Tlhahlo ya Tšimo ya Dipina tša Diphoofolo ya Borwa bja Afrika |letšatšikgwedi = 1990 |mogatiši = D. Philip |lefelo = Motse Kapa, Afrika Borwa |isbn = 978-0-86486-132-0 |matlakala = 275–6 |url = {{Google Books|id=3Aco4wVvpdUC| page=275|plainurl=ee}} |oclc = 24702472}}</ref> Ditona di fihla mo e ka bago {{convert|75|-|92|cm|in}} legetleng, mola tše tshadi e le {{convert|70|-|85|cm|ka}} ka botelele. Ditona ka tlwaelo di na le boima bja {{convert|53|-|76|kg|lb}} gomme tše tshadi di na le boima bja {{convert|40|-|53|kg|lb}}. [[Sexual dimorphism|Sexually dimorphic]], tše tshadi ga di na dinaka ebile di nnyane go feta tše tona. Ditona di gola dinaka tše di sesane, tša sebopego sa lyre {{convert|45|-|92|cm|in}} ka botelele.<ref name="estes" /> Dinaka, tšeo di nago le methaladi ye maatla le go arogana, di na le nkgokolo ka karolo gomme di na le sekoti mo motheo. Sebopego sa tšona sa go swana le sa arch se dumelela go kgokagana ga dinaka, e lego seo se thušago e tona go lahlela moganetši wa yona nakong ya dintwa; dinaka le tšona di šireletša legata go tshenyo.<ref name="kingdon" /><ref name="estes" />

Seaparo se se phadimago sa phala se bontšha mmala wa medumo ye mebedi{{snds}}mokokotlo wa mmala wo motsothwa wo mohwibidu le mahlakore a go ba le mmala wo mohwibidu; tše di fapana kudu le ka tlase ga mpa e tšhweu. Diponagalo tša sefahlego di akaretša mehele e mešweu go dikologa mahlo le seledu se se bofefo le [[nko]]. Ditsebe, {{convert|17|cm|in}} ka botelele, di na le dintlha tše ntsho.<ref name="kingdon" /><ref name=Stuart /> Methalo ye metšo e kitima go tšwa maragong go ya maotong a ka godimo a ka morago. Mosela wo mošweu wa dihlašana, {{convert|30|cm|in}} ka botelele, o na le mothalo wo motsothwa wo o tiilego go bapa le mothaladi wa bogareng.<ref name="Stuart">{{cite book|last1 = Stuart |first1 = C. |last2 = Stuart |first2 = T. |title = Tlhahlo ya Tšhemo ya Diamuši tša Borwa bja Afrika |letšatšikgwedi = 2001 |mogatiši = Struik Publishers |location = Motse Kapa, Afrika Borwa |isbn = 978-1-86872-537-3 |letlakala = 210 |edition = 3rd |url = {{Google Books|id=sdY_sa1FPw0C|page=210|plainurl=ee}} |oclc = 46643659}}</ref> Mmala wa phala o rwala go swana mo go tiilego le [[gerenuk]], yeo e nago le manaka a makopana gomme e hloka methalo ye metšo ya serope ya phala.<ref name=kingdon /> phala e na le [[scent gland]]s tšeo di khupeditšwego ke sehlopha se se ntsho sa moriri maotong a ka morago. [[Sebaceous gland]]s e tsepame phatleng gomme ya phatlalala setho sa banna ba ba bušago<ref name="estes" /><ref name="cavendish">{{cite book |last = Armstrong |first = M. | title = Diphoofolo tša Lešoka le Dimela |volume = 9| ngwaga = 2007 |mogatiši = Marshall Cavendish |lefelo = New York, US |isbn = 978-0-7614-7693-1 |kgatišo = 3rd |matlakala = 538–9 |url = {{Google Books|id=W7TJGrHh0yIC|letlakala =538|plainurl=ee}} |oclc = 229311414}}</ref> di šoma kudu ka sehla sa go nyalana, mola tša ditshadi di hlabologile fela ka karolo gomme ga di fete diphetogo tša sehla.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Welsch |pele1 = U. |mafelelo2 = van Dyk |pele2 = G. |mafelelo3 = Moss |pele3 = D. |mafelelo4 = Feuerhake |pele4 = F. |thaetlele = Dikgeleswa tša letlalo tša phala tše tona le tše tshadi (''Aepyceros melampus ''): diphetogo tša mošomo wa sehla le mekgwa ya sephiri |journal = [[Dinyakišišo tša Disele le Dinama]] |letšatšikgwedi = 1998 |bolumo = 292 |tokollo = 2 |matlakala = 377–94 |doi = 10.1007/s004410051068|pmid = 9560480 | s2cid = 3127722 }}</ref> Go na le tše nne [[kgeleswa ya letswele|ditete]].<ref name="estes" />

Go mehuta ya ka fasana, phala ya sefahlego se se ntsho e kgolo kudu ebile e lefsifsi go feta phala ye e tlwaelegilego; [[melanism]] e na le maikarabelo a mmala wo motsothwa.<ref name="Hoven">{{tsopola puku|mafelelo1=Hoven|pele1=W.|morulaganyi1-mafelelo=van der Duim|morulaganyi1-pele=R.|morulaganyi2 -last=Lamers|editor2-first=M.|editor3-last=van Wijk|editor3-first=J.|title=Dipeakanyo tša Setheo tša Pabalelo, Tlhabollo le Boeti ka Bohlabela le Borwa bja Afrika|date=2015|publisher=Springer| location=Dordrecht, Netherlands|isbn=978-94-017-9528-9|matlakala=101–18|kgaolo=Dipolokelo tša dipapadi tša poraebete ka borwa bja Afrika|chapter-url={{Google Books|id=Tn5qBQAAQBAJ|letlakala=101| plainurl=yes}} |oclc = 895661132}}</ref> Se se hlaolago phala ya sefahlego se se ntsho ke mothalo wo moso, ka mahlakoreng ka bobedi a nko, wo o kitimago godimo go ya mahlong gomme o sesane ge o fihla phatleng.<ref name=Liebenberg /><ref name=Stuart /> Diphapano tše dingwe di akaretša ntlha ye kgolo ye ntsho tsebeng, le mosela wa bushier le wo o nyakilego go ba 30% wo motelele ka gare ga impala ya sefahlego se se ntsho.<ref name="kingdon">{{cite puku |mafelelo1 = Kingdon |ya pele1 = J. |mongwadi1-kgokaganyo = Jonathan Kingdon |mafelelo2 = Happold |pele2 = D. |mafelelo3 = Butynski |pele3 = T. |mafelelo4 = Happold |pele4 = M. |mafelelo5 = Hoffmann |pele5 = M. |mafelelo6 = Kalina |pele6 = J. |thaetlele = Diamusi tsa Afrika |ngwaga = 2013 |mogatiši = Bloomsbury Publishing Plc |lefelo = London, UK |isbn = 978-1-4081-8996-2 |matlakala = 479–84 |url={{Dipuku tša Google|id=B_07noCPc4kC|letlakala=RA4-PA479|plainurl =ee}} |oclc = 854973585} }</ref>

Phala e na le peakanyo ye e kgethegilego ya meno mohlagare wa ka fase wa ka pele wo o swanago le [[sekhekhe sa meno]] seo se bonwego go [[Strepsirrhini|strepsirrhine primates]],<ref name="mckenzie">{{cite journal |last = McKenzie |first = A.A. |title = Sedirišwa sa go lokiša meno sa go rumina |journal = [[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |letšatšikgwedi = 1990 |bolumo = 99 |tokollo = 2 |matlakala = 117–28 |doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1990. tb00564.x }}</ref> yeo e šomišwago nakong ya [[allogrooming]] go kama boya hlogong le molaleng le go tloša [[ectoparasite]]s.<ref name="kingdon" /><ref name= "Mills">{{cite book |last1 = Mills |first1 = G. |last2 = Hes |first2 = L. |title = Puku e Feletseng ya Diamusi tsa Afrika Borwa |date = 1997 |publisher = Struik Publishers |location = Motse Kapa , Afrika Borwa |isbn = 978-0-947430-55-9 |letlakala = 271 |kgatišo = 1st |url = {{Google Books|id=CavgCweI1nMC|letlakala=271|plainurl=ee}} |oclc = 37480533}} </ref> 

==Ecology le boitshwaro==
[[File:Impala AdeFrias.jpg|thumbnail|alt=phala e le gare ga moya nakong ya go tlola|Phala e ka tlolela go fihla go {{convert|3|m|ft}}.]]

Phala ke ya mosegare (e šoma kudu mosegare), le ge e le gore mošomo o na le tshekamelo ya go kgaotša ka diiri tše fišago tša mosegare wa sekgalela; ba fepa le go khutša bošego.<ref name=estes /> Dihlopha tše tharo tša leago tše di fapanego di ka hlokomelwa{{snds}}[[Territory (animal)|territorial]] e tona, mehlape ya bachelor le mehlape ya basadi.<ref name=schenkel >{{tsopola jenale |mafelelo = Schenkel |pele = R. |title = Ka thuto ya leago le boitshwaro ka phala (''Aepyceros melampus'') Lichtenstein |journal = [[African Journal of Ecology]] |ngwaga = 1966 |bolumo = 4 |issue = 1 |matlakala = 99–114 |doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1966.tb00887.x }}</ref> Ditona tša selete di swara mafelo moo di ka bopago [[Harem (thuto ya diphoofolo)|harems]]. ya ditshadi; mafelo a arotšwe ka moroto le mantle gomme a šireletšwa kgahlanong le bahlasedi ba bafsa goba ba banna.<ref name=estes /> Mehlape ya Bachelor e na le go ba ye nnyane, ka maloko a ka fase ga 30. Batho ka bomong ba boloka bokgole bja  go tšwa go yo mongwe; mola tše tona tše dinyenyane le tše dikgolo di ka dirišana, tše tona tša nywaga ya magareng ka kakaretšo di a phemana ka ntle le go spar. Mehlape ya tshadi e fapana ka bogolo go tloga go 6 go ya go 100; mehlape e tšea [[lefelo la gae]]s ya {{convert|80|-|180|ha|acre sqmi}}. Tlemo ya mma–namane e a fokola, gomme e a kgaoga kapejana ka morago ga go kgweša; bana ba banyenyane ba tlogela mehlape ya bommago bona go yo kopanela le mehlape e mengwe. Mehlape ya tshadi e na le go ba ye e lokologilego gomme e se na boetapele bjo bo lego molaleng.<ref name=estes /><ref name=murray>{{cite journal|last = Murray |first = M.G. |title = Sebopego sa tswalano ka phala, ''Aepyceros melampus'' |journal = [[Ekoloji ya Boitshwaro le Thutaphedi ya Leago]] |letšatšikgwedi = 1981 |bolumo = 9 |tokollo = 1 |matlakala = 23–33 |doi = 10.1007/BF00299849 |s2cid = 24117010 }}</ref> Allogrooming ke mokgwa wa bohlokwa wa tirišano ya leago ka mehlapeng ya bachelor le ya basadi; ge e le gabotse, phala e bonala e le yona feela [[ungulate]] yeo e bontšhago go itokiša gotee le go lokiša. Ka go alllogrooming, ditshadi ka tlwaelo di lokiša diphala tšeo di tswalanago, mola tše tona di gwerana le tšeo di sa tswalanago le tšona. Molekane yo mongwe le yo mongwe o lokiša ye nngwe ka makga a tshela go ya go a lesomepedi.<ref name="hart">{{cite journal |last1 = Hart |first1 = B.L. |last2 = Hart |first2 = L.A. |title = Reciprocal alllogrooming in impala, ''Aepyceros melampus'' |journal = [[Boitshwaro bja Diphoofolo (journal)|Boitshwaro bja Diphoofolo]] |ngwaga = 1992 |bolumo = 44 |taba = 6 | matlakala = 1073–1083 |doi = 10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80319-7 |s2cid = 53165208 }}</ref>
[[Faele:Impala-stotting.jpg|monwana o mogolo|ka go le letshadi|Empala [[stotting]]]]
Boitshwaro bja leago bo tutuetšwa ke boemo bja leratadima le thutafase; ka ge go le bjalo, diphala ke tša tšhemo ka dinako tše itšego tša ngwaga gomme di na le sehlopha ka dinako tše dingwe, gomme botelele bja dinako tše bo ka fapana kudu gare ga baagi. Ka mohlala, baagi ba ka borwa bja Afrika ba bontšha boitshwaro bja selete feela dikgweding tše sego kae tša [[Rut (mammalian reproduction)|rut]], mola ka baagi ba ka bohlabela bja Afrika, territoriality e le e nyenyane kudu go sa šetšwe sehla sa go nyalana se se telele. Go feta fao, banna ba territorial gantši ba kgotlelela bachelors, gomme ba ka ba ba fapantšha magareng ga bachelorhood le territoriality ka dinako tše di fapanego tša ngwaga. Thuto ya phala ka [[Serengeti National Park]] e bontšhitše gore go 94% ya banna, territoriality e ile ya bonwa ka fase ga dikgwedi tše nne.<ref name=estes />

Phala ke mohuta wa bohlokwa wa phoofolo ya go bolawa ya [[dijana tša nama]] tše mmalwa, go swana le [[cheetah]]s, [[leopard|leopards,]] [[African wild dog|wild dogs]] le [[tau]]s . Antilope e bontšha go tlola ga semelo tše pedi{{snds}}e ka tlola go fihla go {{convert|3|m|ft}}, godimo ga dimela gaešita le phala tše dingwe, e akaretša bokgole bja go fihla go {{convert|10|m|ft}. }; mohuta o mongwe wa go tlola o akaretša lelokelelo la go tlola moo phoofolo e kotamago maotong a yona a ka pele, e sepetša maoto a yona a ka morago moyeng ka mokgwa wa go raga, e kotama ka maoto a mane ([[stotting]]) gomme ka morago ya boela morago. E tlola ka mokgwa wo mongwe le wo mongwe ka mahlakoreng a go fapana, mohlomongwe go gakantšha diphoofolo tše di jago diphoofolo.<ref name=kingdon /><ref>{{cite web|url = http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/impala/ |title = Impala: ''Aepyceros melampus'' |publisher = [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] |access-date = 6 May 2014}}</ref> Ka dinako tše dingwe, phala e ka iphihla gape ka gare ga dimela gore e tšhabe leihlo ya phoofolo e jago.<ref name=Nowak>{{tsopola puku |mafelelo = Nowak |pele = R.M. |title = Diamuši tša Lefase tša Walker |bolumo= 2 |ngwaga = 1999 |mogatiši = Bogatišetšo bja Yunibesithi ya Johns Hopkins |lefelo = Baltimore, USA |isbn = 978-0-8018-5789-8 |matlakala = 1194–6 |kgatišo = 6th |oclc = 39045218}}</ref> Lentšu leo le tšwelelago kudu ke go rora mo gogolo, mo go tlišwago ka go rora mo gogolo go tee go ya go tše tharo ka molomo o tswaletšwe, gomme gwa latelwa ke go ngunanguna mo go tseneletšego go gabedi go ya go lesome ka molomo o bulegile gomme seledu le mosela di emišitšwe; go rora mo go tlwaelegilego go ka kwewa go fihla go {{convert|2|km|mi}} kgole.<ref name=estes /> Diphiri tša tšhika ya monkgo di hlaola e tona ya selete.<ref name="Kingdon1989">{{cite book|last1 = Kingdon |first1 = J. |author-link = Jonathan Kingdon |title = Diamuši tša Afrika Bohlabela: Atlelase ya Tlhagelelo Afrika |bolumo = 3 |letšatšikgwedi = 1989 |mogatiši = Academic Press |location = London, UK |isbn = 978 -0-226-43725-5 |matlakala = 462–74 |url = {{Dipuku tša Google|id=JiHqC9ROZTQC|letlakala=462|plainurl=ee}} |oclc = 48864096}}</ref> Di-Phala di dula fase; banna ba bagolo le ba mengwaga ya magareng, kudukudu, ba ka swara mafelo a bona mengwaga.<ref name="estes" />

===Dipherase===
Dikgofa tše di tlwaelegilego tša [[Ixodidae|ixodid]] tšeo di kgobokeditšwego go tšwa go phala di akaretša ''[[Amblyomma hebraeum]]'', ''[[Boophilus decoloratus]]'', ''[[Hyalomma marginatum]]'', ''[[ Ixodes cavipalpus]]'', ''[[Rhipicephalus appendiculatus]]'' le ''[[Lešobana la hlogo evertsi|R. evertsi]]''.<ref leina=Mooring1995>{{tsopola jenale |mafelelo1 = Mooring |pele1 = M.S. |title = Phello ya tlhohlo ya letšhollo go seelo sa go itokiša ka phala |journal = Boitshwaro bja Diphoofolo |letšatšikgwedi = 1995 |bolumo = 50 |tokollo = 2 |matlakala = 377–92 |doi = 10.1006/anbe.1995.0253 |s2cid = 53185353 |url = http://www.pointloma.edu/mafelo/default/difaele/molaodi wa difaele/Thutaphedi/Lefapha/Mooring/Publications/1995-Tick_tlhohlo_impala_go itokiša_Boitshwaro_ bja Diphoofolo.pdf |url-status = e hwile |archive-url = https://web.archive .org/web/20161012005200/http://www.pointloma.edu/sites/default/files/filemanager/Biology/Lefapha/Mooring/Publications/1995-Tlhohlo_ya_Tick_impala_go lokiša_Boitshwaro_ bja Diphoofolo.pdf |letšatšikgwedi-a-polokelo = 12 Diphalane 2016 |df = dmy -ka moka }}</ref><ref>{{tsopola jenale |mafelelo1 = Gallivan |pele1 = G.J. |mafelelo2 = Culverwell |ya pele2 = J. |mafelelo3 = Girdwood |ya pele3 = R. |mafelelo4 = Ngaka ya go bua |ya pele4 = G.A. |title = Dikgofa tša ixodid tša phala (''Aepyceros melampus'') ka Swaziland: mafelelo a sehlopha sa mengwaga, bong, maemo a mmele le taolo |journal = South African Journal of Zoology |letšatšikgwedi = 1995 |bolumo = 30 |tokollo = 4 | matlakala = 178–86 |doi = 10.1080/02541858.1995.11448385 |doi-phihlello = mahala }} {{phihlello e bulehileng}}</ref><ref>{{tsopola jenale |mafelelo1 = Horak |pele1 = I.G. |title = Diphelakadingwe tša diphoofolo tša ka gae le tša naga mo Afrika Borwa. XV. Go ata ga sehla ga diphelakadingwe tša ka ntle go Phala le dikgomo ka Leboa la Transvaal |journal = The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research |letšatšikgwedi = 1982 |bolumo = 49 |taba = 2 |matlakala = 85–93 |pmid = 7177586 }}</ref> Ka go [[Wildlife of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]], go hlaselwa kudu ke dikgofa tša go swana le ''R. appendiculatus'' e ipontšhitše e le sebaki se segolo seo se hlotšego mahu a magolo a di-ungulates, ka ge di ka lebiša go [[go golofala ga dikgofa]]. Phala e na le diphetogo tše di kgethegilego bakeng sa go itokiša, tše bjalo ka thulaganyo ya tšona ya meno yeo e hlaolago, bakeng sa go laola dikgofa pele di tsena; lega go le bjalo, go itokiša mo gogolo mo go nyakegago bakeng sa go boloka morwalo wa dikgofa o le ka tlase ga taolo go akaretša kotsi ya go felelwa ke meetse mmeleng nakong ya selemo, go phafoga mo gonyenyane malebana le diphoofolo tše di jago diphoofolo le go apara ga meno ganyenyane-ganyenyane. Thuto e bontšhitše gore Phala e beakanya nako yeo e neetšwego go itokiša le palo ya ditlhaselo tša go itokiša go ya ka go ata ga ditšhošane ka sehla.<ref name=Mooring1995 />

Impala ba symbiotically amanang le [[oxpecker]]s,<ref>Mikula P, Hadrava J, Albrecht T, Tryjanowski P. (2018) Tekolo e khōlō ea commensalistic–mutualistic mekhatlo pakeng tsa linonyana tsa Afrika le liamusi tse ja limela sebelisa lifoto tsa inthanete. PeerJ 6:e4520 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4520</ref> tšeo di jago dikgofa go tšwa dikarolong tšeo tša mmele wa phuti tšeo phoofolo e sa kgonego go di fihlelela ka boyona (go swana le ditsebe, molala, mahlo, phatla le ka tlase ga mpa). Impala ke ungulate ye nnyane kudu yeo di- oxpecker di tswalanywago le yona. Thutong go ile gwa lemogwa gore di- oxpecker di ile tša hlokomela ka go kgetha impala go sa šetšwe go ba gona ga diphoofolo tše dingwe tše bjalo ka [[Coke’s hartebeest]], Grant’s gazelle, [[Thomson’s gazelle]] le [[topi]]. Tlhaloso ye e kgonegago ya se e ka ba gore ka lebaka la gore impala e dula dinageng tša dithokgwa (tšeo di ka bago le segokanyipalo se segolo sa dikgofa), impala e ka ba le boima bjo bogolo bja dikgofa ka yuniti ya lefelo la bokagodimo bja mmele.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Hart |ya pele1 = B.L. |mafelelo2 = Hart |pele2 = L.A. |mafelelo3 = Mooring |pele3 = M.S. |title = Go nyaka dijo ka go fapana ga di-oxpecker go impala ge go bapetšwa le mehuta ya diphuti tša sympatric |journal = African Journal of Ecology |letšatšikgwedi = 1990 |bolumo = 28 |taba = 3 |matlakala = 240–9 |doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1990 .tb01157.x |url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229520029 }} {{open access}}</ref> Thuto e nngwe e bontšhitše gore di-oxpecker di rata ditsebe go feta dikarolo tše dingwe tša mmele, mohlomongwe ka gobane dikarolo tše di bontšha palomoka ya tšharakano ya dikgofa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Mooring |first1 = M.S. |last2 = Mundy |first2 = P.J. |title = Ditirišano magareng ga impala le di-oxpecker kua Phaka ya Setšhaba ya Matobo, Zimbabwe |journal = African Journal of Ecology |letšatšikgwedi = 1996 |bolumo = 34 |tokollo = 1 |matlakala = 54–65 |doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1996.tb00594.x |url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227814876 }} {{phihlello e bulehileng}}</ref> Nonyana e boetse e hlokometsoe e dulela hodima [ [udders]] ya tshadi le go utswa [[milk]] ya yona].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hussain Kanchwala |title=Re Thomile Bjang Go Nwa Maswi A Diphedi? Naa Rena Rena Rena Feela Mehuta Ya Diphedi Go Nwa Maswi A Mehuta E Mengwe? |journal=ScienceABC |date=2022 |url=https://www.scienceabc.com/batho/mehuta ya diphedi e nwa-maswi-mohuta-yo mongwe.html}}</ref>

[[Louse|Dinta]] tše di ngwadilwego go tšwa go impala di akaretša ''[[Damalinia aepycerus]]'', ''[[Damalinia elongata|D. elongata]]'', ''[[Linognathus aepycerus]]'' le ''[[Linognathus nevilli|L. nevilli]]''; nyakišišong, [[ivermectin]] (sehlare kgahlanong le diphelakadingwe) e hweditšwe e na le mafelelo go mehuta ya ''Boophilus decoloratus'' le ''Linognathus'', le ge e se go mehuta ya ''Damalinia''.<ref>{ {tsopola jenale |mafelelo1 = Horak |pele1 = I.G. |last2 = Boomker |first2 = J. |last3 = Kingsley |first3 = S.A. |last4 = De Vos |first4 = V. |title = Go šoma gabotse ga ivermectin kgahlanong le diphelakadingwe tša helminth le tša di-arthropod tša impala |journal = Journal of the South African Veterinary Association |date = 1983 |volume = 54 |issue = 4 |pages = 251–3 |pmid = 6689430 }}</ref> Thutong ya impala ka Afrika Borwa, palo ya [[seboko]]s ka bafsa e bontšhitše koketšego ge nywaga e dutše e e-ya, e fihla tlhoreng ge impala e fetša ngwaga. Thuto ye e ngwadile diboko tša meloko ya go swana le ''[[Cooperia (nematode)|Cooperia]]'', ''[[Cooperoides]]'', ''[[Fasciola]]'', ''[[Gongylonema]]. ''. ''[[Haemonchus]]'', ''[[Impalaia]]'', ''[[Longistrongylus]]'' le ''[[Trichostrongylus]]''; tše dingwe tša tše di bontšhitše diphetogo tša sehla tša segokanyipalo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Horak |first1 = I.G. |title = Diphelakadingwe tša diphoofolo tša ka gae le tša naga mo Afrika Borwa. X. Dihelminth ka impala |journal = The Onderstepoort Journal of Dinyakišišo tša Bongaka bja Diphoofolo |letšatšikgwedi = 1978 |bolumo = 45 |tokollo = 4 |matlakala = 221–8 |pmid = 572950 }}</ref>

Imapala e bontšha kgafetšakgafetša ya godimo ya [[boitshwaro bja go itšhireletša]]s go dikhunkhwane tše di fofago.<ref name="Auty-et-al-2016">{{cite journal | last1=Auty | pele1=Harriet | last2=Morrison | pele2=Liam J. | last3=Torr | pele3=Stephen J. | last4=Morena | pele4=Jennifer | title=Dynamics ya Phetišetšo ya Bolwetši bja go Robala bja Rhodesia go Kgokagano ya Mafelo a Diphoofolo tša Lešoka le Diruiwa | journal=[[Ditshekamelo tša Thuto ya Diphelakadingwe]] | mogatiši=[[Kgatišo ya Sele]] | bophahamo ba modumo=32 | taba=8 | ngwaga=2016 | issn = 1471-4922 e r e doi = 10,1016 / j.pt.2016.05.003 | matlakala=608–621| pmid=27262917 e r e url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/215396/1/215396.pdf }}</ref> Le mohlomongwe ke lebaka la gore Vale 1977 le Clausen et al 1998 ba hwetše fela [[maemo a go latela]] a go fepa ka ''Glossina'' ([[tsetse fofa]]) godimo ga impala.<ref name="Auty-et-al-2016" />

==Ditšhupetšo==
{{Reflist}}