Mošomi:Ptpare/Lešabašaba/Miriam Makeba
Zenzile Miriam Makeba (4 Hlakubele 1932 – 9 Ngwatobošego 2008), yo a bitšwago ka leina la sereto la Mama Africa , e be e le seopedi sa Afrika Borwa, mongwadi wa dikoša , sebapadi, le molwela ditokelo tša setšhaba . Amahanngoa le mefuta ya mmino ho akarelletsa Afropop , jazz , le mmino wa lefatše , e ne e le mmueledi kgahlanong le kgethologanyo le mmušo wa bašweu ba bannyane ka Afrika Borwa.
Miriam Makeba
Makeba nakong ya tiragatšo
Belegwe
Zenzile Miriam Makeba [1] .
4 Hlakubele 1932
Prospect Township, Johannesburg , Kopano ya Afrika Borwa
Hlokofetše9 Ngwatobošego 2008 (mengwaga ye 76) .
Castel Volturno , Italy, e lego Italy
Maina a mangweMama AfrikaMošomo
Moopedi
mongwadi wa dikoša
sebapadi sa difilimi
molwela ditokelo tša setšhaba
Mengwaga ya go ba mafolofolo1953-2008BanaBongi MakebaMošomo wa mminoMehuta ya dipuku
Marabi
lefase
Afropop
jazz ya mmino wa jazz
toropo ya toropo
Dileibole
Manteca ya go swana le ya
Strut ya go swara
RCA Mohlodi
Mercury ya go swana le
Kapp
Dilo tše di kgoboketšwago
Suave
Warner Bros.
Reprise gape
PolyGram ya go swana le yona
Drg
Afrika ya Stern
Kaz
Sonodisc ya sonodisc
Wepesaetemiriammakeba .co .za
Makeba o belegetšwe Johannesburg ka batswadi ba Swazi le ba Xhosa , o ile a gapeletšega go hwetša mošomo e sa le ngwana ka morago ga lehu la tatagwe. O bile le lenyalo la mathomo le le kopana le leo go thwego le be le goboša a e-na le nywaga e 17, a belega ngwana wa gagwe a nnoši ka 1950 gomme a phologa kankere ya matswele. Talente ya gagwe ya mantšu e be e lemogilwe ge e be e sa le ngwana, gomme o ile a thoma go opela ka tsela ya profešenale ka bo-1950, le Banababo rena ba Cuba, Manhattan Brothers , le sehlopha sa basadi ka moka, Skylarks , ba diragatša motswako wa jazz, melodi ya setšo ya Afrika, . le mmino o tumilego wa ka Bodikela. Ka 1959, Makeba o bile le tema ye kopana mo filiming ya kgahlanong le kgethollo ya Come Back, Africa, yeo e ilego ya mo tliša tlhokomelo ya ditšhaba-tšhaba, gomme ya mo dira gore a diragatše kua Venice , London le New York City . Kua London, o ile a kopana le seopedi sa Amerika Harry Belafonte , yo a ilego a ba mohlahli le mošomi mmogo. O ile a hudugela New York City, moo a ilego a tuma ka pela, gomme a rekota alebamo ya gagwe ya mathomo ya go bapala a nnoši ka 1960. Maiteko a gagwe a go boela Afrika Borwa ngwageng woo bakeng sa poloko ya mmagwe a ile a thibelwa ke mmušo wa naga.
Mošomo wa Makeba o ile wa atlega kua United States, gomme a lokolla dialepamo tše mmalwa le dikoša, tšeo di ratwago kudu ke " Pata Pata " (1967). Gotee le Belafonte o amogetše Sefoka sa Grammy ka alebamo ya gagwe ya 1965 An Evening with Belafonte/Makeba . O ile a hlatsela kgahlanong le mmušo wa Afrika Borwa go Ditšhabakopano gomme a tsenela mokgatlo wa ditokelo tša setšhaba . O ile a nyala Stokely Carmichael , moetapele wa Black Panther Party , ka 1968. Ka lebaka leo, o ile a lahlegelwa ke thekgo gare ga ma-Amerika a mašweu. Visa ya gagwe e ile ya phumolwa ke mmušo wa United States ge a be a e-ya dinageng dišele, e lego seo se ilego sa gapeletša yena le Carmichael go hudugela Guinea. O ile a tšwela pele go diragatša, bontši dinageng tša Afrika, go akaretša le go tše mmalwameketeko ya tokologo . O ile a thoma go ngwala le go diragatša mmino wo o solago kgethollo ka mo go kwagalago kudu; koša ya 1977 ya " Soweto Blues ", yeo e ngwadilwego ke monna wa gagwe wa peleng Hugh Masekela , e be e le ka ga phetogelo ya Soweto . Ka morago ga gore kgethologanyo e phušolwe ka 1990, Makeba o ile a boela Afrika Borwa. O ile a tšwela pele go rekota le go diragatša, go akaretša le alebamo ya 1991 le Nina Simone le Dizzy Gillespie , gomme a tšwelela filiming ya 1992 ya Sarafina! . O ile a kgethwa bjalo ka Moemedi wa Botho wa FAO ka 1999, gomme a dira lesolo la mabaka a botho. O hlokofetše ka lebaka la tlhaselo ya pelo nakong ya konsarata ya 2008 kua Italy.
Makeba o be a le gare ga boradimuši ba mathomo ba Afrika go amogela temogo lefaseng ka bophara. O ile a tliša mmino wa Afrika go batheeletši ba Bodikela, gomme a tumiša mmino wa lefase le mehuta ya mmino wa Afropop. O ile a boela a dira gore dikoša tše mmalwa di tume tšeo di swayago diphošo kgethologanyo , gomme a ba seka sa kganetšo ya tshepedišo yeo, kudu-kudu ka morago ga ge tokelo ya gagwe ya go boela morago e phumotšwe. Ge a hlokofala, Mopresidente wa peleng wa Afrika Borwa Nelson Mandela o boletše gore "mmino wa gagwe o hlohleleditše maikutlo a maatla a kholofelo go rena ka moka."
Nywaga ya mathomo
Bothopša
Boela morago Afrika Borwa, mengwaga ya mafelelo le lehu
Mmino le seswantšhoRulaganya
Mokgwa wa mminoRulaganya
Dihlopha tšeo Makeba a thomilego mošomo wa gagwe ka tšona di ile tša diragatša mbube , e lego mokgwa wa go dumelelana ga mantšu wo o ilego wa goga go tšwa go jazz ya Amerika, ragtime , le difela tša kereke ya Anglican , gammogo le mekgwa ya setlogo ya mmino. [9] Seopedi sa mmino sa Johannesburg Dolly Rathebe e bile khuetšo ya mathomo mminong wa Makeba, [9] [44] go swana le diopedi tša basadi tša mmino wa jazz go tšwa US. [113] Radihistori David Coplan o ngwala gore "jazz ya Afrika" yeo e dirilwego gore e tume ke Makeba le ba bangwe e be e "ka tlhago e tswakilwego" go e na le go tšwa go mohuta ofe goba ofe wo o itšego, e kopanya bjalo ka ge e dirile marabi le jazz, gomme e be e le "mmino wa Afrika wo o dirilwego ka Amerika, e sego wa Amerika wo o dirilwego ka Maafrika." mmino". [114] .Mmino wo a o dirilego o hlalošitšwe ke mongwadi wa Brithania Robin Denselow bjalo ka "motswako wa moswananoši wa mekgwa ya ditoropokgolo ye e tsošago le balladry ye e tutueditšwego ke jazz". [44] .
Makeba o lokollotše dialepamo tša go feta tše 30 nakong ya mošomo wa gagwe. Mekgwa ye e bušago ya tše e ile ya fetoga ge nako e dutše e eya, ya tloga go jazz ya Afrika go ya go direkhoto tšeo di hlohleleditšwego ke "crooning" ya Belafonte go ya go mmino wo o tšerwego go tšwa go dibopego tša mmino tša setšo tša Afrika Borwa. [13] O ile a tswalanywa le mehuta ya mmino wa lefase [10] le Afropop . Le gona o ile a tsenya mekgwa ya mmino ya Latin America ditiragatšong tša gagwe. [27] Radihistori Ruth Feldstein o hlalositše mmino wa gagwe bjalo ka "[go tshela] mellwane magareng ga seo batho ba bantši ba se tswalanyago le setšo sa avant-garde le sa 'boleng' le mokgwa wo mogolo wa kgwebo"; lehlakore la mafelelo gantši le be le goga go swaiwa diphošo. [115] .O ile a kgona go ipiletša go batheetši bao ba tšwago ditlogong tše dintši tša dipolitiki, tša morafo le tša setšhaba. [70] .
O be a tsebega ka go ba le lefelo la mantšu leo le fetogago, gomme o hlalošitšwe bjalo ka yo a nago le temogo ya maikutlo nakong ya ditiragatšo tša gagwe. [9] Ka dinako tše dingwe o be a bina nakong ya dipontšho tša gagwe, [11] gomme o be a hlalošwa bjalo ka yo a nago le go ba gona ga maikutlo sefaleng. [116] O ile a kgona go fapantšha lentšu la gagwe kudu: lengwalo la lehu le lemogile gore "o be a kgona go fofela godimo bjalo ka seopedi sa opera, eupša gape o be a kgona go sebela, go rora, go šišinya, go rora le go goeletša. O be a kgona go opela mola a dira di-click tša epiglottal tša Sexhosa." polelo." [11] O ile a opela ka Seisemane le maleme a mmalwa a Afrika, eupša ga se a ke a opela ka Seafrikanse, e lego polelo ya mmušo wa kgethologanyo mo Afrika Borwa. O kile a bolela gore "Ge ma-Afrikanse a opela ka leleme la gešo, gona nna ke tla opela ya bona." [117] .Seisemane se be se bonwa bjalo ka polelo ya kganetšo ya dipolotiki ke maAfrika Borwa a bathobaso ka lebaka la mapheko a thuto ao ba bego ba lebane le ona ka fase ga kgethollo; ba Manhattan Brothers, bao Makeba a bego a opetše le bona kua Sophiatown, ba be ba thibetšwe go gatiša ka Seisemane. [117] Dikoša tša gagwe ka maleme a Afrika di hlalošitšwe bjalo ka tšeo di tiišetšago boikgantšho bja bathobaso. [62] .
Dipolotiki le temogoRulaganya
Makeba said that she did not perform political music, but music about her personal life in South Africa, which included describing the pain she felt living under apartheid.[11][44] She once stated "people say I sing politics, but what I sing is not politics, it is the truth", an example of the mixing of personal and political issues for musicians living during apartheid.[118] When she first entered the US, she avoided discussing apartheid explicitly, partly out of concern for her family still in South Africa.[38] Nonetheless, she is known for using her voice to convey the political message of opposition to apartheid,[119] performing widely and frequently for civil rights and anti-apartheid organisations. Even songs that did not carry an explicitly political message were seen as subversive, due to their being banned in South Africa.[62] Makeba saw her music as a tool of activism, saying "In our struggle, songs are not simply entertainment for us. They are the way we communicate."[120]
Makeba's use of the clicks common in languages such as Xhosa and Zulu (as in "Qongqothwane", "The Click Song") was frequently remarked upon by Western audiences. It contributed to her popularity and her exotic image, which scholars have described as a kind of othering, exacerbated by the fact that Western audiences often could not understand her lyrics.[28][121] Critics in the US described her as the "African tribeswoman" and as an "import from South Africa", often depicting her in condescending terms as a product of a more primitive society.[122][123] Commentators also frequently described her in terms of the prominent men she was associated with, despite her own prominence. During her early career in South Africa she had been seen as a sex symbol, an image that received considerably less attention in the US.[122]
Makeba was described as a style icon, both in her home country and the US.[14] She wore no makeup and refused to straighten her hair for shows, thus helping establish a style that came to be known internationally as the "Afro look".[18][124] According to music scholar Tanisha Ford, her hairstyle represented a "liberated African beauty aesthetic".[125] She was seen as a beauty icon by South African schoolgirls, who were compelled to shorten their hair by the apartheid government.[126] Makeba stuck to wearing African jewellery; she disapproved of the skin-lighteners commonly used by South African women at the time, and refused to appear in advertisements for them.[127][128] Go itlhagiša ga gagwe go hlaotšwe ke diithuti bjalo ka go gana maemo a botse ao basadi ba US ba bego ba swere a ona kudu, ao a dumeletšego Makeba go tšhaba ka karolo thobalano yeo e lebišitšwego go badiragatši ba basadi nakong ye. [129] Le ge go le bjalo, mareo ao a šomišitšwego go mo hlaloša ka go boraditaba ba Amerika a hlaotšwe ke diithuti bjalo ka tšeo di šomišwago gantši go "dira thobalano, go dira masea, le go dira gore batho ba bohwa bja Afrika e be diphoofolo". [28] .
BohwaRulaganya
Tšhušumetšo ya mminoRulaganya

Makeba o tumišitšwe ka go tumiša mmino wa lefase , gotee le boradibokgabo ba go swana le Youssou N'Dour , Salif Keita , Angélique Kidjo , Ali Farka Touré , le Baaba Maal ( seswantšhong ka go lebana le tšhupamabaka go tšwa godimo ka go le letshadi ).
Makeba o be a le gare ga maAfrika ao a bonagalago kudu ka US; ka lebaka leo, gantši e be e le seka sa kontinente ya Afrika go ma-Amerika. [68] Mmino wa gagwe o mo hweleditše leina la "Mama Afrika", [11] gomme o hlalošitšwe ka go fapafapana bjalo ka "Mmohumagadi wa Pina ya Afrika", [9] [110] "Mohumagadi wa mmino wa Afrika Borwa", [130] le "Naletšana ya pele" ya Afrika. [44] Seithuti sa mmino JU Jacobs o boletše gore mmino wa Makeba o "bopilwe le go fiwa sebopego go mmino wa bathobaso ba Afrika Borwa le Amerika". [131] Seopedi sa mmino wa mmino wa jazz Abbey Lincoln o gare ga bao ba hlaotšwego bjalo ka bao ba hlohleleditšwego ke Makeba. [132] .Makeba le Simone ba be ba le gare ga sehlopha sa boradibokgabo bao ba thušitšego go bopa mmino wa soul . [133] Modirišani wa nako ye telele Belafonte o mmiditše "talente ye mpsha ya phetogo kudu yeo e tšweletšego ka gare ga sedirišwa sefe goba sefe mo mengwageng ye lesome ya go feta". [33] Ge a bolela ka morago ga lehu la gagwe, Mandela o ile a mmitša "mohumagadi wa mathomo wa Afrika Borwa wa koša", gomme a re "mmino wa gagwe o hlohleleditše maikutlo a maatla a kholofelo go rena ka moka." [ 110 ] [ 134 ] .
Ka ntle ga naga ya gabo Makeba o ile a tumišwa ka go tliša mmino wa Afrika go batheeletši ba Bodikela, le gotee le boradibokgabo ba go swana le Youssou N'Dour , Salif Keita , Ali Farka Touré , Baaba Maal le Angélique Kidjo , ka go tumiša mohutana wa mmino wa lefase. [10] [75] Mošomo wa gagwe le Belafonte ka bo-1960 o hlalošitšwe bjalo ka go hlola mohuta wa mmino wa lefase pele ga ge kgopolo ye e tsena monaganong wo o tumilego, le gape bjalo ka go tšweletša go fapafapana le bontši bja setšo ka gare ga mmino wa Afrika. [70] Ka gare ga Afrika Borwa, Makeba o hlalošitšwe bjalo ka yo a tutuetšago boradibokgabo ba go swana le seopedi sa mmino wa kwaito Thandiswa Mazwaile sehlopha sa gagwe sa Bongo Maffin , [135] seo pina ya gagwe ya "De Makeba" e bego e le phetolelo ye e fetotšwego ya "Pata Pata" ya Makeba, le ye nngwe ya direkhoto tše mmalwa tša tlhompho tšeo di lokolotšwego ka morago ga go boela ga gagwe Afrika Borwa. [94] Seopedi sa mmino wa mmino wa jazz wa Afrika Borwa Simphiwe Dana o hlalošitšwe bjalo ka "Miriam Makeba yo mofsa". [136] Seopedi sa Afrika Borwa Lira o ile a bapetšwa gantši le Makeba, kudukudu ka tiragatšo ya gagwe ya "Pata Pata" nakong ya moletlo wa go bula Sebjana sa Lefase sa Kgwele ya Maoto sa 2010 . [137] Ngwaga ka morago, Kidjo o ile a neela konsarata ya gagwe kua New York go Makeba, bjalo ka seopedi sa mmino seo se bego se "buletše tsela ya katlego ya gagwe". [137] .Ka lengwalong la lehu, seithuti Lara Allen o boletše ka Makeba bjalo ka "go ka ganetšwa gore ke thomelontle ya mmino ye e tumilego kudu ya Afrika Borwa". [13] .
BoikgafoRulaganya
Makeba was among the most visible people campaigning against the apartheid system in South Africa,[11][112] and was responsible for popularising several anti-apartheid songs, including "Meadowlands" by Strike Vilakezi and "Ndodemnyama we Verwoerd" (Watch out, Verwoerd) by Vuyisile Mini.[109] Due to her high profile, she became a spokesperson of sorts for Africans living under oppressive governments, and in particular for black South Africans living under apartheid.[138] When the South African government prevented her from entering her home country, she became a symbol of "apartheid's cruelty",[117] and she used her position as a celebrity by testifying against apartheid before the UN in 1962 and 1964.[63] Many of her songs were banned within South Africa, leading to Makeba's records being distributed underground, and even her apolitical songs being seen as subversive. She thus became a symbol of resistance to the white-minority government both within and outside South Africa.[10] In an interview in 2000, Masekela said that "there [was] nobody in Africa who made the world more aware of what was happening in South Africa than Miriam Makeba."[139]
Makeba has also been associated with the movement against colonialism, with the civil rights and black power movements in the US, and with the Pan-African movement.[10] She called for unity between black people of African descent across the world: "Africans who live everywhere should fight everywhere. The struggle is no different in South Africa, the streets of Chicago, Trinidad or Canada. The Black people are the victims of capitalism, racism and oppression, period".[140] After marrying Carmichael she often appeared with him during his speeches; Carmichael later described her presence at these events as an asset, and Feldstein wrote that Makeba enhanced Carmichael's message that "black is beautiful".[74] Along with performers such as Simone, Lena Horne, and Abbey Lincoln, she used her position as a prominent musician to advocate for civil rights.[141] Their activism has been described as simultaneously calling attention to racial and gender disparities, and highlighting "that the liberation they desired could not separate race from sex".[141] Makeba's critique of second-wave feminism as being the product of luxury led to observers being unwilling to call her a feminist.[142] Scholar Ruth Feldstein stated that Makeba and others influenced both black feminism and second-wave feminism through their advocacy,[141] and the historian Jacqueline Castledine referred to her as one of the "most steadfast voices for social justice".[143]
Awards and recognitionEdit
Makeba's 1965 collaboration with Harry Belafonte won a Grammy Award, making her the first African recording artist to win this award.[10][75] Makeba shared the 2001 Polar Music Prize with Sofia Gubaidulina.[144] They received their prize from Carl XVI Gustaf, the King of Sweden, during a nationally televised ceremony at Berwaldhallen, Stockholm, on 27 May 2002.[145]
Makeba won the Dag Hammarskjöld Peace Prize in 1986,[10] and in 2001 was awarded the Otto Hahn Peace Medal in Gold by the United Nations Association of Germany (DGVN) in Berlin, "for outstanding services to peace and international understanding".[146] She also received several honorary doctorates.[94] In 2004, she was voted 38th in a poll ranking 100 Great South Africans.[44]
From 25 to 27 September 2009, a tribute television show to Makeba entitled Hommage à Miriam Makeba and curated by Beninoise singer-songwriter and activist Angélique Kidjo, was held at the Cirque d'hiver in Paris.[147] The show was presented as Mama Africa: Celebrating Miriam Makeba at the Barbican in London on 21 November 2009.[148] A documentary film titled Mama Africa, about Makeba's life, co-written and directed by Finnish director Mika Kaurismäki, was released in 2011.[149] On 4 March 2013, and again on International Women's Day in 2017, Google honoured her with a Google Doodle on their homepage.[150][151] In 2014 she was honoured (along with Nelson Mandela, Albertina Sisulu and Steve Biko) in the Belgian city of Ghent, which named a square after her, the "Miriam Makebaplein".[152] Makeba was named 1967's "woman of the year" by Time magazine in 2020, as one of a list of 100 "women of the year" for the years 1920–2019.[153]
In 2016 the French singer Jain released "Makeba", a tribute.[154] Mama Africa, a musical about Makeba, was produced in South Africa by Niyi Coker. Originally titled Zenzi!, the musical premiered to a sold-out crowd in Cape Town on 26 May 2016. It was performed in the US in St. Louis, Missouri and at the Skirball Center for the Performing Arts in New York City between October and December 2016. The musical returned to South Africa in February 2017 for what would have been Makeba's 85th birthday.[155][156][157][158] American-born African jazz singer Somi wrote a play about Makeba, Dreaming Zenzile , yeo e ilego ya bontšhwa la mathomo ka 2021, gomme ya lokolla alebamo ya tlhompho yeo e neetšwego go yena, Zenzile: The Reimagination of Miriam Makeba (2022). [159] .
Dipina le dialepamo tše di lemogegago
Bona gape
Dintlha le ditšhupetšoRulaganya
Mengwalo ya ka tlaseRulaganya
^ Afrika Borwa e be e na le melawana ye e raraganego ya bjala yeo e bego e thibela maAfrika Borwa a bathobaso go dira bjala, goba go bo nwa kae goba kae ntle le diholo tša bjala tšeo di sepedišwago ke mebušo ya selegae. Go dira beine le go dirišwa mo go sego molaong e be e le mo go tlwaelegilego. Dithibelo tša tšhomišo di ile tša tlošwa kudu ka bo-1960; monopoly ya mmušo ya tšweletšo e ile ya šala. [5] .
^ Le ge Makeba ka kakaretšo a tumišwa ka go ngwala koša ye, [20] diithuti di belaetše polelo ye, go e na le moo di bolela gore seripa se se ngwadilwe ke Dorothy Masuka . [26] .
^ Francesco Longanella, molaodi wa tša kalafo wa Kliniki ya Pineta Grande, o boditše Reuters gore "[Miriam Makeba] o fihlile [Kliniki ya Pineta Grande] ka 11:15 bošego [ya la 9 Ngwatobošego 2008], [eupša gore o be a šetše a hwile [. ..] [re] lekile go mo tsoša ka dikotara tše tharo tša iri." (E fetoletšwe go tšwa go Setaliana) [111].
DitsopoloRulaganya
^ Redmond 2013 , letl. 236. .
^ a b c d e f Allen 2011 , Makeba, Miriam Zenzi.
^ a b c d Feldstein 2013 , letl. 34. .
^ Carmichael & Thelwell 2003 , maq.
^ Blocker, Fahey & Tyrrell 2003 , letl. 12 .
^ Schwarz-Bart 2003 , letl. 208. .
^ Castledine 2011 , letl. 229 .
^ a b c Bordowitz 2006 , letl. 333. .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ewens, Graeme (11 Ngwatobošego 2008). "Lengwalo la go hlokofala: Miriam Makeba" . Mohlokomedi wa ditaba . E hweditšwe ka la 26 Mopitlo 2012 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Jaggi, Maya (29 April 2000). "The return of Mama Africa". The Guardian.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Miriam Makeba obituary". The Economist. 13 November 2008.
^ a b Sizemore-Barber 2012, p. 260.
^ a b c d e Allen 2008, p. 89.
^ a b Ford 2015, p. 15.
^ a b c d e f Lusk, Jon (11 November 2008). "Miriam Makeba: Singer banned from her native South Africa for fighting apartheid". The Independent. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
^ Ford 2015, p. 18.
^ Bordowitz 2006, p. 246.
^ a b c Schwarz-Bart 2003, p. 214.
^ Feldstein 2013, p. 57.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Ravell-Pinto, Thelma; Ravell, Rayner (2008). "Obituary: African Icon: Miriam 'Mama Africa' Makeba, dies at age 76". Journal of the African Literature Association. 2 (2): 274–281. doi:10.1080/21674736.2008.11690092. S2CID 164201040.
^ Feldstein 2013, pp. 56–57.
^ Feldstein 2013, p. 63.
^ Feldstein 2013, pp. 62–63.
^ Bordowitz 2006, p. 313.
^ Fleming 2016, p. 315.
^ Khan 2008, p. 146.
^ a b c d Cheyney, Tom (1 March 1990). "Miriam Makeba Welela". Musician (137): 84.
^ a b c Sizemore-Barber 2012, p. 258.
^ a b Feldstein 2013, p. 33.
^ a b c d e Sizemore-Barber 2012, p. 256.
^ Feldstein 2013, p. 51.
^ Feldstein 2013, p. 30.
^ a b Feldstein 2013, p. 52.
^ Feldstein 2013, p. 27.
^ Feldstein 2013, p. 28.
^ Bordowitz 2006, p. 247.
^ a b c d e f Poet 2009, p. 1.
^ a b Feldstein 2013, p. 68.
^ Feldstein 2013, p. 19.
^ a b Sizemore-Barber 2012, pp. 261–262.
^ a b c d e f Nkrumah, Gamal (7 November 2001). "Mama Africa". Al-Ahram Weekly. No. 558. Cairo. Archived from the original on 7 March 2004. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
^ a b Ford 2015, p. 13.
^ Feldstein 2013, p. 45.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Denselow, Robin (16 May 2008). "The long goodbye". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
^ Sizemore-Barber 2012, p. 255.
^ Feldstein 2013, p. 67.
^ Feldstein 2013, p. 26.
^ Feldstein 2013, p. 19, 25.
^ Castledine 2011, p. 232.
^ Feldstein 2013, pp. 22–25.
^ a b Feldstein 2013, p. 73.
^ Fleming 2016, p. 316.
^ Ohadike 2007, p. 203.
^ a b c Sizemore-Barber 2012, pp. 262–263.
^ Redmond 2013, p. 239.
^ Feldstein 2013, p. 80.
^ Fleming 2016, p. 318.
^ Feldstein 2013, p. 71.
^ Redmond 2013, p. 238.
^ Masemola 2011, p. 5.
^ Fleming 2016, p. 319.
^ a b c Feldstein 2013, p. 70.
^ a b Feldstein 2013, pp. 73–74.
^ a b "Miriam Makeba Charts & Awards". Allmusic. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
^ "Roger Miller Tops Grammy". Edmonton Journal. 16 March 1966. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
^ a b c d Sizemore-Barber 2012, pp. 265–266.
^ Schumann 2008, p. 23.
^ a b Sizemore-Barber 2012, pp. 252–253.
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^ Castledine 2011, p. 239.
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Go bala go ya peleRulaganya

Wikimedia Commons e na le boraditaba ba amanang le Miriam Makeba .

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Kgoro ya mokgatlo wa ditokelo tša setšhaba
Kgoro ya mmino
Barlow, Sean, le ba bangwe; Eyre, Go thibela; Vartoogian, J a k e (1995). Afropop!: Tlhahlo ya Diswantšho ya Mmino wa Sebjalebjale wa Afrika . Edison, New Jersey : Dipuku tša Chartwell. ISBN 0-7858-0443-9. OCLC 34018600 ya go swana le ya .
Lucia, Christine (2005) le ba bangwe. Lefatše la Mmino wa Afrika Borwa: Mmadi . Newcastle godimo ga Tyne: Bogatišetšo bja Diithuti tša Cambridge. ISBN 1-904303-36-6. OCLC 62531717 .
Makeba, Miriam, le yena; H o l , J a m e s (1988) [1987]. Makeba: Pale ya ka . New York City, New York: Bokgobapuku bja Amerika bjo Bofsa. ISBN 0-453-00561-6. OCLC 16131137 .
Makeba, Miriam ; Mwamuka , N o m s a (2004). Makeba: Pale ya Miriam Makeba . Johannesburg: STE. ISBN 1-919855-39-4. OCLC 57637539 .
Pareles, Jon (8 Hlakubele 1988). "Dipuku tša Mehla; Bophelo bja Seopedi sa Afrika Borwa: Diteko le Diphenyo" . The New York Times ya ditaba . E hweditšwe ka la 8 Ngwatobošego 2010 .
Simone Schwarz-Bart le ba bangwe; André Schwarz-Bart (2003) le ba bangwe. Ka Theto ya Basadi ba Bathobaso: Basadi ba Sebjalebjale ba Afrika . Madison, Wisconsin: Bogatišetšo bja Yunibesithi ya Wisconsin. ISBN 978-0-299-17270-1.
Dikgokagano tša ka ntleRulaganya
Miriam Makeba go AllMusic
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Miriam Makeba go Seyalemoya sa Setšhaba sa Setšhaba
Jolaosho, Tayo (Selemo sa 2014). "Dikoša tša Tokologo ya Kgahlanong le Kgethollo ka Nako yeo le Bjale" . Makasine wa Folkways . Smithsonian . E hweditšwe ka la 24 Diphalane 2016 .
"Hommage a Miriam Makeba – Monyanya wa Fora" . Video ya AOL . E hweditšwe ka la 11 Ngwatobošego 2010 .